INTRODUCTION:

With an estimated eighty-four (84m) million Nigerians living below the poverty line and an average of fifteen thousand Nigerians slipping into the poverty bracket by the day (World Bank, 2023), social entrepreneurship can be regarded as a critical factor and mechanism for the reduction of poverty in Nigeria, mostly in local communities like Gwagwalada Area council of the Federal Capital Territory. The poverty rate in Nigeria was estimated at 37% in 2023, thereby placing Nigeria as the second largest poor population in the World after India. This increasing rate of poverty in the country has compel scholars to aggressively and innovatively seek for alternative means and ways to compliment government efforts in tackling poverty in the country.

The adoption of community social entrepreneurship has been advocated as a tool for ameliorating and curbing the intensity of poverty in local communities. Social entrepreneurship encompasses a deliberate effort by an individual or group to proffer solution to social, cultural, environmental and economic issues that have direct impact on the living standard of the people, by transforming social capital in a manner that impact the society positively (Ajayi,2019).

The establishment of social enterprises in the community leads to the creation of social wealth, by opening new markets, new technology and products and new jobs opportunities in the communities where these enterprises are located, empowering the very poor in the society through the provision of economic opportunities, creating room for local resource utilization, skills acquisition, innovativeness, self-reliance and social awareness amongst the locals.

The current poverty rate in Nigeria and the study area in particular has call for the adoption and implementation of social entrepreneurship approach (SEA) in addressing social and economic issues that traditional method of income re-distribution and poverty reduction have fail to tackle effectively. Social entrepreneurship enhanced social, environmental and economic impact through the creation of business opportunities, employment opportunities, and income generation amongst the very poor and marginalized people in the community. The approach is significance in community development, it identifies and addressed specific needs of the locals in a particular community thereby creating sustainable solutions rather than short-term fixes, SEA seek to build long lasting initiatives that provides long-term capital gains to the citizens and the community as a whole.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Certain communities in the study area (Angwan Dudor Kutuku, Dagiri, Paiko-Kore, Dobi) have been adjudged among the poorest in the area council and the Federal Capital Territory, where the inhabitant live far below the poverty index. This has attracted the establishment of social enterprises by some non-governmental organization (NGOs) to scale up the living standard of the people in most of these communities thereby reducing the poverty level of the inhabitants. Previous research studies (Ajayi, 2019; Barder, 2019; Nku, 2021) in entrepreneurship have focuses more on entrepreneurship education and skills acquisition, this study examine the nexus between social entrepreneurship and poverty reduction in local communities in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja and its environs. A significant amount of resource has been committed by government at all levels to curb the poverty level in the country particularly in the local communities like the study area but all to no avian. Therefore, an attempt to deployed social entrepreneurship approaches in scaling down the intensity of poverty in the study area and complementing government effort in this direct has become very necessary.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

The study provides answers to the following research questions:

· To what extend does the establishment of micro grains (Cereals) processing machine by an NGO in Paiko-Kore community help in reducing poverty among the inhabitant?

· Does the provision of a community-owned solar power project in Dagiri community by an NGO improve the living standard of the inhabitant?

· How does the campaign by an NGO in Dobi community for the use of animal (Cow) droppings as manure enhance the local’s agricultural output and their poverty level?

Conceptualization:

Conceptualization deals with the different meaning given by different scholars to the variables being studied and how the variables are conceptualized within the context of the research exercise. It is the process of developing and clarifying a concept. Clarifying one’s concept with words and examples and arriving at precise verbal definitions (Marcus, 2017). In this research work, concepts such as poverty reduction, community social entrepreneurship, micro grains processing machine, community-owned solar power project, Animal dropping as organic manure were reviewed to establish a link between previous work done in this area and what this study intends to carry out

Poverty Reduction:

A set of measures intended to improve the living standard of a group of people occupying a certain locality economically and humanitarianly, and empowering the occupants to be self-reliance without necessary depending on the government. Reduction in poverty implies lifting up people in a particular place from their poor economic conditions (Barder, 2019).

Poverty is a condition of materials and social deprivation where individuals fall below the minimum socially acceptable living standard of basic human needs of living a decent life. A condition where basic physiological needs like food, heath, shelter, and safety needs are not met due to less attention of government in proving the basic essentials of life to the inhabitants of such a location (Nku, 2021).

Poverty is most often measured in monetary term and individual that are considered poor are those living on less than a dollar a day. Poverty is multidimensional as it includes the multitude of lacks and deprivations that the poor are subjected to in their daily lives. Some of the dimensions of poverty that manifest on those living below one Dollar a day are disease and poor health conditions, illiteracy and lack of access to education, lack of access to economic opportunity and employment, or they are underemployed, vulnerability to violence and exposure to hazardous environmental conditions (Akpan, 2022).

Poverty reduction is a deliberate effort by government or other stakeholders to improve on an individual’s or a group’s monetary expenditure to an amount above the poverty line through access to education, information, security, economic opportunities and other deprived living conditions that improve not only the individual well being but also his living environment (Musawa and Ahmad, 2019).

Actions aimed at addressing the basic needs of an individual or group through the provisions of daily foods needs, access to economic futures, basic medic cares, access to education, shelter and safety which enhance and improved the living conditions of an individual or group and for the betterment of the society (Detiem, 2024).

The various actions by government and non states actors in establishing enterprises and creating awareness through advocacy in communities such as the study area represent an innovative approach in scaling up the community living standard through the adoption of social entrepreneurship with a social mission for sustainable economic empowerment, access to health care, sustainable environmental practices and education for all in local communities in Nigeria.

The reviewed articles are in alignment that poverty reduction is a deliberate action by government, individuals, groups and mostly non governmental organizations to creates and make available in an innovative and sustainable manner the basic physiological needs of life (Food, Shelter, Water, Warmth, Health) to the unserved local communities leading to the endemic poverty in these local communities.

Community Social Entrepreneurship:

Community social entrepreneurship is a unique form of entrepreneurship aim at reducing poverty through the power of an enterprise. It emanated out of passion for the disadvantaged and the marginalized in the society. It is entrepreneurship for social and not for commercial enterprises, emphasizing that business is not all about profit maximization or personal wealth creation but on impacting and improving the living standard of the people occupying an area through the establishment of social enterprises that deals with the provision of social amenities and advocacy that enhance the living standard of the people, by the deployment of creative and innovative idea in solving unmet social needs of the community inhabitants(Adeyeye, 2018).

Community social entrepreneurship is the act of pursuing an innovative idea with the potentials to solve a community-based social, environmental and economic problem, intending to cause a positive change in the living conditions and standard of the inhabitants of the community. It captured a systematic social and economic disruption aim at empowering citizens and making them change-agent. It is an activity of an individual or group aim at complimenting the effort of government in providing social and economic solution to local communities that are usually deprive of basic amenities that enhance an improved living standard of the people (Emefele, 2022).

Adeyeye (2018) social entrepreneurship is the practices of adopting entrepreneurial orientation dimensions in creating, managing and funding ventures that bears direct impact to the social and economic needs of the community. Community entrepreneurship is act of implementing innovative ideas that have direct positive impact on a particular group of persons occupying a given environment at a particular time, an idea that improved the people living standard and empowered the inhabitants economically. The establishment of small enterprises with a not-for-profit social mission aims at Community social entrepreneurship focuses on the establishment of social enterprises that provide employment opportunities particularly for the very poor and neglected communities. This established enterprise focuses on area such as sustainable agriculture that enhance economic growth, developing innovative solution to community problems such as access to clean water, quality healthcare and making available other basic physiological needs that reduce the intensity of poverty in certain communities.

Community social entrepreneurship is the deliberate application of innovative and sustainable economic and environmental solutions to benefit the marginalized poor in a particular geographical location called a community. It is a value- driven activities that is carried out by entrepreneurs and nongovernmental organization to complement government effort in curbing or reducing poverty in certain community.

According to Dees (2011) social entrepreneurship consist of tracking innovative tactics to solving society problems and doing so in a sustainable and opportunistic manner by nongovernmental organization or not-for-profit entities. The addition of the word “social” to entrepreneurship distinguish social entrepreneurship from other aspect of entrepreneurship like commercial entrepreneurship which have income or profit maximization mission while social entrepreneurship have social objective, instead of profit motive, the financial income from the social enterprises are reinvested in the social objective rather than distributed to shareholder or reinvested to for commercial gains.

Micro Grains Cereal’s Processing Machine:

Community social entrepreneurship revolves around innovative approach and actions that impact the community directly and indirectly, it might involves the introduction of a sustainable program, advocacy for a change of life style or the establishment of a business enterprise for local resource utilization, employment generation, income redistribution, capacity utilization and community upliftment.

Micro grains processing machine is a social enterprise established by social entrepreneurs like the nongovernmental organization in local communities to enhance and encourage cereals processing and value addition in the agricultural value chain, thereby creating sustainable jobs, wealth creation and improved living standard of the people in the community. Micro small enterprises creation has been adopted by social entrepreneurs as tools for combating poverty in remote areas and marginalized villages across the world particularly in developing nations like Nigeria. Small enterprise has the capacity to create jobs within the locality, create value for the immediate community in a sustainable manner (Detiem, 2022).

Community-Owned Solar Power Project:

Energy supply in any form is very crucial for the development of man and his environment, it’s enhances man’s daily activities and support man life generally. The intensity of poverty in most communities in developing countries like Nigeria is link to lack of power and energy supply to such communities with it attendance consequences. The first indices to measured a deprived and poor community is energy supply, the absence of energy supply to any community determine the quality of life, poverty rate and the level of development in such a community (Nku, 2021).

Energy supply has been deployed by social entrepreneurs as the first master stroke in the fight against poverty anywhere in the world. Energy supply in whatever form have the capacity to scale up the living standard of the inhabitant of any community due to its diver’s application and usage to human life. The totality of man’s life revolves around energy and power supply which facilitate production, processing, consumption, medical consumables and healthy life style (Kabiru, 2021).

Animal (Cow) droppings as organic manure Advocacy:

Innovative thinking in any form is geared toward the improvement of the living standard of man in his locality and environment. Entrepreneurship with a social mission takes different approach in attempting to solve problem of poverty among people living within the poverty bracket. Most nongovernmental organization adopt both advocacy and public enlightenment programs for a change of life style and the direct establishment of micro small business enterprises in specific communities and hamlets in attempt to reduce poverty in such areas. The adoption of advocacy strategy by some NGOs has help the target population to key in faster in doing things that will add value to their living conditions, enhance local resource and capacity utilization and assisting the inhabitant to become selves reliance and change agents (Adeoye, 2018).

Community Social Entrepreneurship and Poverty Reduction:

The pervasive nature of poverty in developing countries like Nigeria has called for the deployment of social entrepreneurial approach in curbing the intensity of poverty in rural communities like the three communities in Gwagwalada area council under investigation in this study. Community social entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in reducing poverty through the establishment of micro enterprises like start-up business, small factories like milling and grinding machines for the processing of farm produces thereby creating jobs, increase local flow of income and promoting economic growth in the community.

Community social entrepreneurship is a catalyst for ameliorating poverty in communities that have been abandon by the states through the establishment of enterprises that creates employment opportunities, mostly for marginalized communities like Gwagwalada area council. The established enterprises usually focus on sectors or areas like agriculture, craftsmanship, entertainment, artisanship among others that could create jobs and improved the living standard of the people. Community social entrepreneurship has the potentials of reducing poverty in local communities through the development of innovative educational initiatives like the low-cost schools, vocational educational programs for skills acquisition and economic empowerment. Empowering the locals to have access to essential services like clean drinking water, affordable houses, healthcare helps in reducing poverty and enhances the living standard of the community.

According to Kabiru (2021) community social entrepreneurship leads to the creation of social value in the community. Social value is the positive impact social enterprises create for the society, and contribute to sustainable development and the general well being of the community members and the society at large. Social value includes job creation for the abandon people, improving access to education, good healthcare facilities, reducing carbon emission, and direct intervention in community development practice.

Community social entrepreneurship is crucial to poverty reduction through the creation of innovative solution to social problems. It focuses on creating social enterprises and not-for-profit enterprises that provide employment opportunities, skills acquisition programs, access to training programs, and other service which helps to lift the abandon communities out of poverty and improved the living standard of the inhabitant of the communities. The design and production of innovative products and services that are within the reach of the very poor and low-income earners in the community is another way of reducing poverty through community social entrepreneurship.

Junaid and Razaur (2020) confirm that the adoption of social entrepreneurship helps in reducing poverty with the help of employment by creating new social enterprises and also by expanding the existing once thereby increasing social capital through new institutions, innovative idea that will improve product and process design, new techniques of production, opening new market and channels of distribution and value addition in the production chain new for the advancement of the society.

Venture capital creation in local communities by social entrepreneurs is another strategy of reducing poverty and helping the community member to stand on their own and become self reliance. Venture capital institutions are created to help the locals with seed capital, technical support, collaboration and knowledge sharing and transfer from the subject specialist to learner in any business endeavor in order to reduce the mortality rate of micro small business in local communities. Nongovernmental organizations complement government efforts establishing venture capital institution in communities where the government agencies and infrastructure facilities are not available, by extending credit facility to the local community members for established micro small businesses, teaching new farming methods, making farming input readily available to the community members to boast their farm output, liaising with off taker to buy their farm products to avoid waste and ensuring sustainability in their various business endeavors. Community social entrepreneurs foster collaboration between government agencies, non-governmental organization, the private sector and local community members in reducing poverty and scaling down the intensity of poverty in certain communities and villages in Nigeria (Dayo, 2021).

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:

The conceptual framework illustrates the link between independent variables and dependent variables. The Independent variable (IV) is community social entrepreneurship (CSE) with its dimensions (Micro grains processing machine, community-owned solar power and Animal dropping as organic manure advocacy). The dependent variable (DV) is poverty reduction proxies with (Access to economic opportunity, access to health care, access to education and good environmental practices).

Based on the conceptualized framework, it is hypothesized that community social entrepreneurship enhance poverty reduction in local communities like the study area.

The basis for this framework depends on the empirical and theoretical literature which seeks to investigate the influence of community social entrepreneurship leveraging enterprises creation and advocacy on community poverty reduction strategy in study area and Nigeria as large.

The study presented a framework that shows the link between predictory variables and criterion variables. The study hypothesized that; community social entrepreneurship has on positive effect on poverty reduction in the study area. The direction of the arrows in the framework shows how the changes in the dimensions of IVs may affect poverty reduction in the study area as seen in diagram 2.1

The study model was design to measure the direct relationship between proxies of community social entrepreneurship and poverty reduction in the study area.

THEORETICAL REVIEW:

Theories rooted in social entrepreneurship explained the motivation and the driving motive for social mission rather than profit motive. This study reviewed social network theory propounded by Granovetter (1982) to advance to theory of Hanifan (1916) of social capital. Based on the theory assumptions of social network structure that enable an entrepreneurs to have access to business opportunities. A social entrepreneur may have access to business opportunity or the ability to recognize emerging opportunities in the social, but may require social connections or political network to transform the business opportunity into a tangible value that will provide the needed economic and social value to the community, thereby reducing poverty in the locality. A social entrepreneur having access to social network usually enhance and facilitate the provision of social goods to the needed community. Theory emphasis that entrepreneur having stronger ties with resources providers, facilitate the acquisition of resources and the chances of exploiting such source to the common goods of the society.

The theory holds that social entrepreneurs needs to create and joined social network to be able to lobby for funds, resource and capital for the successful execution of the social mission for the reduction of poverty and improvement of the living standard of the local communities through the social mission goal of the entrepreneur.

METHODOLOGY:

The study uses a quantitative method to investigate the relationship between community social entrepreneurship and poverty reduction in some communities in Gwagwalada area council. The quantitative method is used in theories testing and investigating the relationship between variables (Creswell, 2014), where the researcher uses numerical data to represent the phenomena being studied (Hair et al., 2010). The survey method is also employed to collect data from target respondents and analyze same using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population for this study is the inhabitants of these three communities (Angwan Dudor, Kutuku, Dagiri, Paiko-Kore, Dobi) in Gwagwalada area council, from where a sample of 148 respondents was drowned from a population of 3872 inhabitants (Cencus,2006) using stratified random sampling techniques. Data for this study was collected from primary source only. It was collected from self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaire was distributed amongst the inhabitant of the three selected communities in the study area. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the internal consistency of the questionnaire before complete distribution. Cronbach alpha was used to ascertain the reliability of the 30 retrieved questionnaires. After a review of the items, the final questionnaire was drafted and fully redistributed. The Cronbach Alpha for the pilot study indicated that the items passed the reliability tests with the values ranging between 0.60 and 0.94. As a general rule α of 0.6-0.7 indicates an acceptable level of reliability while values higher than 0.95 are not necessarily good, since they might be an indication of redundancy (Hulin et al., 2021). Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to examine the correlation among the variables and to validate the formulated hypotheses.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The result of the study are presented and discuses in this section.

4.1 Reliability Test of the instrument

Table 1: Result of Reliability Test

Measure	Items	Cronbach Alpha
Poverty reduction	6	0.849
Grains processing Machine (GPM)	5	0 .789
Community-owned Solar power (CSP)	5	0 .777
Animal Dropping Manure (ADM)	5	0.812

Source: Author’s Computation, 2024

Table 1 reveal the result of the reliability test conducted to ascertained the internal consistency of the measurement instrument used to elicit the needed data for the study. The table shows that social enterprises and advocacy deployed by the NGO (GPM, CSP and ADM) have a cronbach Alpha value of more than 60% which is in line with the recommended cronbach Alpha value advocated by Hair et al. (2013). This test indicates that the variables were internally consistent and scale deemed reliable for further analyses.

Response Rate:

The number of questionnaire designed and administered to the unit of analysis are presented in table 2

Table 2 Response Rate:

Communities	Questionnaires Administered	Questionnaire Return	Ques. Not Return
Paiko-Kore	49	48 (97%)	1 (3%)
Dagiri	51	47 (92%)	4 (8%)
Dobi	48		0(0%)
Total	148	144

Correlation:

Table 3: Correlation analysis between community social enterprises and poverty reduction in the study area.

IVs	DVs
Grains processing Machine (GPM)	0 .628**
Community-Owned Solar Power (CSP)	0 .653**
Animal Dropping Manure (ADM)	0 .583*

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2- tailed)

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)

The table 3. Reveal the relationship between the proxies of the IV (Social entrepreneurship) and the DV (Poverty reduction) in the study area. The analysis shows that the Pearson correlation between the installment of community-owned solar power (CSP) in Dagiri community and poverty reduction in that community is significant at 0.653, followed by the installation of grains (Cereals) processing machine (GPM) in Paiko-Kore community which is significant at 0.653 while the campaign for the use of animal droppings as organic manure in Dobi community was significant at 0.583 in the reduction of poverty in the study area.

Regression Analysis:

Table 4: Model Summary

Model	R	R-Square	Adjusted R-Square	Std. Error of Estimate
CSE	.683a	.454	.274	5.678

Table 4 depict the multiple regression analysis result for the relationship between community enterprise establishment and poverty reduction in the study area which shows R -Square to 0.454, indicating a 45.5% variance of poverty reduction cause by the establishment of community enterprises in the study area.

Coefficient:

Table 5: Coefficients

Model	Unstandardized Coefficients	Standardized coefficient		t	sig.
Model	B	Std. Error	Beta
Grains processing Machine (GPM)	0.326	0.405	0.062	2.572	0.005
Community-Owned Solar Power (CSP)	0.367	0.333	0.288	2.717	0.001
Animal Dropping Manure (ADM)	0.219	0.345	0.157	1.656	0.011

Dependable Variable:

Poverty reduction in some communities in Gwagwalada area council, Abuja.

Table 5 shows the coefficients and contribution of the independent variables (GPM, CSP, and ADMs) on the dependent variable (Poverty reduction in the study area) in line with the study objectives.

Objective 1:

To examine the effect of establishing micro grains (Cereals) processing machine on poverty reduction amongst the inhabitant in Paiko-Kore community, Gwagwalada Abuja.

Descriptive Analysis:

The analysis shows that 78.3% of the unit of analysis agreed that the establishment of micro grains (Cereals) processing machine helps in reducing poverty amongst the inhabitants of Paiko-Kore community in Gwagwalada area council, Abuja.

Inferential Analysis:

Poverty reduction was regressed on micro grains processing machine (GPM) as a social enterprise. The research model was derived from the theory of human capital development, GPM shows a coefficient of 0.326 which was significant at 0.005(β=0.326; t= 2.572; P=0.005), implying that a unit increase in GPM leads to 2.5% reduction in poverty in the study community CSP shows the highest coefficient 0.367 which significant at 0.001 (β=0.367; t=2.717; P= 0.001). Implying that a unit increase in the establishment of community-owned solar power will leads to 3.7% reduction of poverty in the community understudy. The use of animals dropping as manure increases the farmer output at lower cost to the farmers thereby reducing poverty to about 2.1% (β= 0.219; t=1.656; P= .011) . GPM shows a coefficient of 0.326 which was significant at 0.005(β=0.326; t= 2.572; P=0.005), implying that a unit increase in GPM leads to 2.2% reduction in poverty in the study community. The analysis of the collected data reveals that, the three postulated hypotheses for this study were positively significant in the reduction of poverty in the study communities in Gwagwalada area council.

The findings of this study agreed with the findings of Adeyeye (2018); Detiem (2024); Adeoye (2019) and Muhammad (2023) whose findings reveals a significant positive relationship between social entrepreneurship and local community development.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:

The conclusion and recommendation of this study are based on the analyzed data and perception elicited from the unit of analysis in the three study communities in Gwagwalada area council Abuja. The results of the analyzed data reveal that the installation of community owned solar power in Dagiri community was more impactful in the reduction of poverty amongst the inhabitant of the study area. The used of animal droppings as advocated by the NGO in Dobi community was ranked third in term of the impact on poverty reduction in the study area and the installation of micro grains processing machine in Paiko Kore village rank second. On the strength of the analyzed data and the perception of the unit of analysis, the paper concluded that, there is a statistical significant relationship between community social entrepreneurship and poverty reduction in the study area. Community social entrepreneurship can be adopted as an alternative strategy to complement government efforts in tackling the intensity of poverty in local communities in most states in Nigeria including the Federal Capital Territory. Based on the study findings, the paper recommends that, to reduce the pervasive and chronic poverty in some communities in Nigeria, community social entrepreneurship should be adopted and sustained by non states actors and nongovernmental organization to complement government efforts in reducing the ravaging poverty level in Nigeria particularly in some Nigeria communities like Dagiri, Paiko Kure amongst others in Gwagwalada area council Abuja.

Specifically, the paper recommendations are:

· Nongovernmental organization and other non state actors are encourage to establish more agricultural processing equipment and other social enterprises facilities in local communities like Paiko kore in Gwagwalada area council to enhance value addition in the agricultural value chain thereby scaling down the intensity of poverty in such local communities in Nigeria.

· Government policy on rural electrification should be complemented by the private sector and nongovernmental organization in lightening up local communities like the installation of community owned solar power in Dagir which has impacted the living standard of the inhabitant and by extension scaled down the level of poverty in the community.

· More sensitization and advocacy by nongovernmental organization should by encourage for the use of organic manure and other local resource for the improvement of agricultural output which by extension will take the local farms out of the poverty bracket like in the study community, Dobi village in Gwagwalada area council.

This study can be expended to cover other dimensions of social entrepreneurship and other geographical boundaries outside Gwagwalada area council of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

REFERENCE:

1. Adeoye, A.E. Entrepreneurship orientation and small business performance in a floated exchange rate economy. Entrepreneurship and Economic Review. 2019; 4(1): 22-34.

2. Adeyeye, M.M. (2018). A fundamental approach to entrepreneurship, small and medium scale enterprise. Second Edition, Evi-Coleman Publishing Ibadan, Nigeria. 2018.

3. Ajayi, V. A. Impact of external business environment on organizational performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Ogun state Nigeria. International Journal of Business Policy and Governance. 2019; 3(10): 155-166

4. Akpan, J. E. The impact of government political decisions and foreign direct investment in Nigeria. International Journal of Monetary Economics. 2022; 6(2): 54-82

5. Barder, T.O. (2019). Empowering change in local communities through social entrepreneurship. Business and Entrepreneurship Journal. 2019;8(4): 23-42

6. Dayo, R.U. Reducing poverty through the adoption of social entrepreneurship strategy. Entrepreneurship Review. 2021; 7(2):12-37.

7. Dees. The role of social entrepreneurship in scaling down poverty and creating wealth in developing countries. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. 2011; 10(5): 56-81.

8. Detiem, E.A. The impact of entrepreneurship and vocational education on job creation in Nigeria. Abuja Journal of Administration. 2024; 9(2): 54-62

9. Emefele, G.M. Entrepreneurship as catalyze for employment generation and Nigerian economic sustainability. Business and Economic Review. 2022; 44(21): 234-342.

10. Hair, F., Gabriel, W. and Patel (). Intersection of the field of entrepreneurship `and development economic: A review towards a new view. Journal of Economic and Surveys. 2010; 33(2): 389-403

11. Hair, F.; Babin.T. and Page, M. Data analysis methods using second generation structural equation modeling. Computer Engineering Journal. 2011; 6(4): 45-85

12. Hair, F.; Babin.T. and Page, M. Data analysis methods using second generation structural equation modeling. Computer Engineering Journal. 2013; 6(4): 45-85

13. Hulin, W.; Nurudeen, Y. and Ahmed, U, O. Entrepreneurship development and business growth and sustainability. Journal of Small Business Management. 2021; 6(2): 23-42.

14. Junaid, A and Razaur, R. The role of social entrepreneurship in poverty reduction. Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism. 2020; 14(2):159-174.

15. Kabiru, M.M. The impact of entrepreneurship education on employment generation in emerging economy of the third world countries. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development. 2021; 22(2): 23-46

16. Musawa, Y.G. and Ahmad, Y.P. Environmental sustainability and small-sized business survival in developing countries. Business and Economic Review. 2019; 23(11): 23-54

17. Nku, G.T. The nexus between entrepreneurship development and Nigerian economic growth: An empirical Analysis. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Managent. 2021; 16 (5):12-29.

18. World Bank. SMEs the catalyze for solving unemployment in developing countries of the world. 2023.

Received on 08.10.2024 Revised on 02.12.2024

Accepted on 09.01.2025 Published on 17.03.2025

Available online from March 26, 2025

Asian Journal of Management. 2025;16(1):21-28.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5763.2025.00004

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.